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Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Epilepsy Day

International sign of Epilepsy is Purple Ribbon                    
         Epilepsy is common throughout the world. It can be diagnosed with history of fits of patient.
         Unconscious, fit during sleep, same fit and its treatment is easy, regular treatment of epilepsy             is for 02-03 years . Epilepsy is more common in children than adults 




Usually recovery is complete and full. During fit, put the patient on side, clear the airways, do not put anything in mouth . Epilepsy may be associated with depression and mental retardation 

Saturday, October 27, 2018

How to overcome Harmful Stress ?



Making an Adjustment to
Harmful Stress



Everyone experiences stress. If you are
feeling harmful stress, your health may be
affected.

To stay healthy, you must do
something about harmful stress.
You can make an adjustment. An
adjustment is a change to make something
better. You can make an adjustment to the
cause of your harmful stress.
When you are feeling harmful tress, think
about the cause of your stress. Thit about
what adjustments you might make. A nad
seen her dog hit by a car. What adjustmen
could Ann have made to her harmful stress?
During times when there is harmful stress,
there are ways to stay healthy.



. Talk with your parents about the stress.
« Continue to eat healthful foods.
« Plan to exercise.
. Plan your day.



Think About lt
1. What might happen when you are feeling
harmful stress?
2. Why is it important to do something about
harmful stress?

Monday, October 15, 2018

How many types of contraceptives are there?

How many types of contraceptives are there?


There are many types of contraceptives and they can be

grouped into different categories

Barrier methods: 

These prevent the sperm from fertilising the egg. Condoms are rubber tubes, which are closed at one end. Different condoms are produced for men and women. Male condoms are placed on the stiff penis before it penetrates into the vagina. The female condoms are placed inside the vagina before sexual intercourse.

Contraceptive pills:

 The woman has to swallow one tablet every day, even on days she doesn't have sex.

There are also long-acting contraceptives. No special measures to prevent pregnancy have to be taken when having sex and the woman does not have to remember everyday. Among those are injections, which are contraceptives given to a woman every three months. Secondly there are implants.

Implants are thin plastic orct tubes, which are placed
in the upper arm of a woman through a minor operation and they contain substancethat prevents the eggs
from ripening. 

In addition, there are Injection intra-uterine devices, in short called IUD. Intra-uterine devices are made from a special type of plastic and are inserted in the uterus of the woman by a trained health worker. 

Injections, implants and intra-uterine devices have to be applied by a trained health worker in a sufficiently equipped health facility.

There are irreversible ways of contraception for men and women,
which require a minor operation For men, the seminal canals are cut and sealed, in order to prevent sperm from mixing with the seminal fluid. If a man has sex after this operation, he will still have erections as before and he will ejaculate, but there are no sperm in the seminal fuid. For women, the fallopian tubes are cut and sealed, in order IUD to prevent the egg from reaching the uterus. After this operation the woman will have her period as usual, but the eggs will not be able to
unite with sperm anymore.

In addition, there arebarriermethods, which do not require the use of medicine or
methods. However, these methods do not give very good protection from getting pregnant.

Sometimes women observe specific signs or count days for identifying days she is
to get pregnant and subsequently she avoids having sex during this period, Men trying to ejaculate outside the vagine women hoping that breast-feeding prevents pregnancy some of the traditional ways of contraception.

Remery these are commonly used methods, but that are not very safe with regard to preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.

 It is important to realise that each method fits , someone but is not appropriate for others. Therefore, each decides to use contraceptives should consult a clinic to get the method that fits him or her best

What is Safe Sex ?


What is safe sex?




Safer sex is sex, which does not involve any risk of unplanned

pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases or HIV infection.

Safer sex includes physical contacts that do not involve the

penetration of the penis in the vagina. Penetrative sex can

be safer sex, if the required safety precautions are taken.



Ways of satisfying sexual desire without penetration of the

penis into the vagina are kissing, hugging, deep kissing, holding

hands and masturbation. All those things are safe with regard

to unplanned pregnancy and HIV infection.

If the penis penetrates into the vagina during sex, it is

necessary to take precautions. One possible precaution is to

be faithful to your partner and your partner to be faithful

to you, but that also requires that you were both free

of sexually transmitted diseases, when you first had

Another precaution is to use a condom. Condoms prevent not

only pregnancies, but also sexually transmitted diseases

Being faithful is not enough if one or both of the partners had

unprotected sexual relationships before. If you really want to

be on the safe side both should go for an HIV test.

Thursday, October 11, 2018

What is Health Relationships ?

Health relationships are all about caring for your partner and communicqging with him or her on all issues. A relationship requires commitment , honesty, a willingness to discuss matters, to share feelings and most importantly a respect for each other.
Therefore its important in healthy sexual relationship to practices safer sex and respect the sexual preferences and desires the partner.

Saturday, August 25, 2018

Importance of Pharmacy Practice


Importance of Pharmacy Practice


Having seen the background, definition and highlights of pharmacy practice, let’s now look unto the importance of pharmacy practice

• In geriatric pharmacy practice:

 pharmacy practice is important because, Elderly patients are unique in that they possess an altered metabolic capacity for medications due to, for example, increased body fat and water, decreased muscle mass, decreased cardiac output and perfusion, decreased protein binding, reduced liver function, and reduced physiologic reserve


• all of which lead to unique medication selection and dosing requirements compared to younger adults.

• As a result of concomitant disease states, multiple medications are often prescribed for elderly patients by a variety of providers.

• They also often require additional assistance to understand how to take their medications to avoid possible adverse drug effects


ü     Lack of mobility, vision/hearing difficulties, and possible altered mental status may further hamper proper use of medications by the elderly.
ü     There is a shortage of healthcare professionals trained in geriatric pharmacotherapy and seniors older than 75 years of age are under-represented in clinical trials, resulting in a poor evidence base on which to make individualized therapeutic decisions.
     o     As the number of elderly patients continues to increase, the contribution of the pharmacist to quality, long-term medication management will require dramatic expansion.

• Pediatric pharmacy practice

• The pediatric patient population spans the years from birth through adolescence, presenting a unique challenge with regard to drug therapy administration and monitoring.

• Unlike adults, dosing is most commonly based on body weight, and pharmacokinetic variables are standardized relative to weight and/or body surface area.

• Since physical growth and organ system maturation are dynamic processes throughout the aging continuum, frequent individual dosing calculations and adjustments are necessary, particularly in infants



• Pediatric disease states, such as cystic fibrosis can further impact pharmacotherapy due to differences in pharmacokinetics seen in this particular subset of patients.

• Pediatric patients are under-represented in clinical trials, resulting in an inadequate evidence base on which to make individualized therapeutic decisions.

• Most commercially available drugs are not formulated for use in infants and children

• In addition, the pediatric patient population poses a higher risk for medication errors.

• Pediatric patients are three times more likely to suffer from a medication error; and a relatively small magnitude of error, as compared to adults, may result in more serious consequences, especially in the youngest, most vulnerable patients.

• Pediatric patients frequently experience adverse drug reactions similar to adults, but adverse reactions in the pediatric population may be harder to recognize or be of greater or lesser intensity

• The practice of pharmacy may include but is not limited to:

i. The custody, preparation and dispensing of medicines and pharmaceutical products

ii. The selection and provision of non-prescription medicine therapies and therapeutic aids;

iii. Health promotion, including health screening;

iv. Administration of medicines, including injectable medicines

v. Researching and evaluating information and providing evidence-based advice and recommendations on medicines and medicine-related health issues;

vi. Teaching and advising;

vii. Policy development;

viii. Management;

ix. Manufacturing; and

x. Auditing

Historical Background of Pharmacy Practice


 Historical Background of Pharmacy Practice

• The history of pharmacy as an independent science is relatively young.

• Until the birth of pharmacy as an independent science, there is a historical evolution from antiquity to the present day that marks the course of this science, always connected to the medicine


• Although people have been using medicinal substances to treat themselves for as far back as there have been people, the pharmacy profession has more recent origins. Nevertheless, its roots can be found over 4000 years ago


Pharmacy’s roots

 The pharmacy profession can be traced back at least as far as the Sumerian population, living in modern day Iraq. From around 4000 BC, they used medicinal plants such as liquorice, mustard, myrrh, and opium

 The Ancient Egyptians had specific preparers of medicine, known as Pastophor

• The future of pharmacy


 In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills.

In particular, Medication Therapy Management (MTM) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients. Such services include the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual.

 The result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system

 Below are some pharmacy symbols used in different areas of pharmacy business

What is the Meaning of Pharmacy Practice?

Pharmacy Practice

• The “ Pharmacy Practice” means the interpretation, evaluation, and implementation of Medical Orders; the Dispensing of Prescription Drug Orders; participation in Drug and Device selection; Drug Administration; Drug Regimen Review; the Practice of Telepharmacy within and across state lines; Drug or Drug-related research; the provision of Patient Counseling; the provision of those acts or services necessary to provide Pharmaceutical Care in all areas of patient care, including Primary Care and Collaborative


• Pharmacy Practice; and the responsibility for Compounding and Labeling of Drugs and Devices (except Labeling by a Manufacturer, Repackager, or Distributor of Non-Prescription Drugs and commercially packaged Legend Drugs and Devices), proper and safe storage of Drugs and Devices, And maintenance Of required records


The practice of pharmacy also includes continually optimizing patient safety and quality of services through effective use of emerging technologies and competency-based training

Health facilities from low level to the highest level through which a referral system go through


The following are health facilities from low level to the highest level through which a referral system go through.

Example in Tanzania

Dispensary Services

• The dispensary caters for 6,000 to 10,000 people and supervises all the village health posts in its ward.

• This is the first level where patients are attended to.

• If the patient cannot be attended to, at this level because of the complexity of the condition is then referred to the next level which is a health Centre

Health Centre Services


• A health Centre is expected to cater for 50,000 people which is approximately the population of one administrative division.


• This is the second level where patients are attended to.


• If the patient cannot be attended to at this level because of the complexity of the condition is then referred to the next level which is a District Hospitals.

District Hospitals

• The district is a very important level in the provision of health services in the country each district is supposed to have a district hospital.


• For those districts which do not have, Government normally negotiates with religious organizations to designate voluntary hospitals get subventions from the Government to contract terms. Patients are referred to here from Health centers and dispensaries present within the District

Regional Hospitals

• Every region is supposed to have a hospital.

• Regional Hospital offer similar services like those agreed at district level, however regional hospitals have specialists in various fields and offer additional services which are not provided at district hospitals. Patients from districts are referred to these hospitals for further management

Referral/Consultant Hospitals

• This is the highest level of hospital services in the country presently there are four referral hospitals namely,

• the Muhimbili National Hospital which cater the eastern zone.

• Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) which cater for the northern zone.

• Bugando Hospital which cater for the western zone.

• Mbeya Hospital which serves the southern Highlands.









Health care and level of delivery system


Health care system 
is a system which consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health, (Source WHO 2005).
 Goals of Health Care System
     i. To promote universal health care
     ii. To ensure that all people obtain the health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them.
     iii. To ensure good health for the citizens


    Levels of Health Care Delivery System

The organization structure includes five levels as follows:

National Level
(The central level), is the Ministry of Health and social Welfare

Regional Level: 
This level sometimes referred to as an extension of the MOH. It has the regional secretariat and one hospital in the region.

District hospital level: 
The district is the focal point for the implementation of the national health policy managed by the local authorities.

Divisional Level: 
This consist of a health Centre which provides both curative and preventive

Ward Level: 
This is the lowest level (dispensary) of the formal health care delivery system

    Referral System in Health Care Delivery

    Referral System is an organizational structure for coordinating, linking, & transferring responsibility of care.
    May be done by:
     o     a generalist to a specialist
     o     a specialist to a specialist
     o     one hospital to another


Government’s referral system assumes a pyramidal pattern of a referral system recommended by health planners that is from dispensary to Consultant Hospital (Better Health In Africa,)